Teaching guidelines +/- 15 minutes

This lesson explains the four German cases: Nominativ (Wer? Was?), Akkusativ (Wen? Was?), Dativ (Wem?), and Genitiv (Wessen?), illustrating their use with examples like "Der Hund läuft" and "Ich gebe dem Hund einen Ball."
  1. The cases show the role of a word in the sentence: they help to determine whether a word is the subject, object, or has another function in the sentence.
  2. They affect the form of articles and nouns: depending on the case, the articles (der, die, das) and the endings of the nouns change.
Fall (Case)Fragewort (interrogative word)Was wird beschrieben? (What is described?)Beispiel (example)
NominativWer? Was? (Who? What?)Subjekt (subject)„Der Hund läuft.“ (Der Hund = Subjekt)
AkkusativWen? Was? (Who? What?)Direktes Objekt (Direct object)„Ich sehe den Hund.“ (den Hund = direktes Objekt)
DativWem? (To whom?)Indirektes Objekt  (indirect object)„Ich gebe dem Hund einen Ball.“ (dem Hund = indirektes Objekt)
GenitivWessen? (Whose?)Besitz oder Zugehörigkeit (possession or affiliation)„Das ist das Spielzeug des Hundes.“ (des Hundes = Besitz oder Zugehörigkeit)

Exceptions!

  1. In spoken language, the genitive is often replaced by the dative, especially in informal contexts.

Exercise 1: Multiple Choice

Instruction: Choose the correct solution

1. Ich komme aus ___ Schweiz.

(I come from ___ Switzerland.)

2. Woher ___ du?

(Where ___ you from?)

3. Ich lebe in ___ Stadt.

(I live in ___ city.)

4. Er kommt aus ___ Spanien.

(He comes from ___ Spain.)

5. Wir leben in ___ Deutschland.

(We live in ___ Germany.)

6. Du kommst aus ___ Mexiko.

(You come from ___ Mexico.)

What Are the Four Cases in German? Why Do We Need Them?

This lesson introduces you to the four grammatical cases in German: Nominative, Accusative, Dative, and Genitive. These cases are essential because they show the role of each word in a sentence and affect the form of articles and nouns.

The Four Cases Explained

CaseQuestion WordWhat It DescribesExample
NominativeWho? What?Subject of the sentence„Der Hund läuft.“ (Der Hund = Subject)
AccusativeWhom? What?Direct object„Ich sehe den Hund.“ (den Hund = direct object)
DativeTo whom?Indirect object„Ich gebe dem Hund einen Ball.“ (dem Hund = indirect object)
GenitiveWhose?Possession or belonging„Das ist das Spielzeug des Hundes.“ (des Hundes = possession or belonging)

Why Cases Are Important

German cases show how words relate to one another in a sentence. They clarify the role of each word—whether it is the subject, object, or shows possession. This is done by changing the articles (der, die, das) and sometimes the noun endings depending on the case.

In spoken German, the Genitive case is often replaced by the Dative, especially in informal situations.

Key Words and Expressions to Remember

  • Subjekt (Subject) — answers Wer? Was? (Who? What?)
  • Direktes Objekt (Direct Object) — answers Wen? Was? (Whom? What?)
  • Indirektes Objekt (Indirect Object) — answers Wem? (To whom?)
  • Besitz oder Zugehörigkeit (Possession or Belonging) — answers Wessen? (Whose?)

Notes on Differences from English

Unlike English, where word order mostly determines the sentence's meaning, German uses cases to express relationships between words. For example, "der Hund" (the dog) changes form depending on its function as subject, object, or possession.

In English, prepositions and word order usually indicate the object or possession, but in German, these roles are shown through case endings and changes in articles.

Useful Phrases for Practice

  • Ich sehe den Hund. (I see the dog.)
  • Ich gebe dem Hund einen Ball. (I give the dog a ball.)
  • Das ist das Spielzeug des Hundes. (That is the dog's toy.)

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Sophie Schmidt

International Administration Management

Würzburger Dolmetscherschule

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Last Updated:

Thursday, 17/07/2025 02:25