Simple past tense: irregular verbs

Onvoltooid verleden tijd: onregelmatige werkwoorden


Onregelmatige werkwoorden zoals zijn, hebben, gaan, doen veranderen vaak van klank: was, had, ging, deed.

(Irregular verbs like zijn, hebben, gaan, doen often change vowel sound: was, had, ging, deed.)

What you’re learning: irregular simple past (OVT)

In Dutch, most verbs form the simple past with -de or -te. But some very common verbs are irregular: you must learn their past forms by heart.

  • Use OVT for finished actions in the past: gisteren, vorige week, toen, in 2020.
  • These verbs are frequent in work/school stories, so they’re worth memorising early.

How to choose the correct past form (singular vs plural)

Many irregular verbs have two past forms:

  • singular (ik / jij / hij/zij/het)
  • plural (wij / jullie / zij)
Subject Rule Example
ik, hij/zij Use the singular past form Ik was moe. / Hij kon niet.
wij, jullie, zij Use the plural past form (often -en) Wij waren laat. / Zij konden niet.

Watch out: zij can mean she (singular) or they (plural).

  • Zij was ziek. (she)
  • Zij waren ziek. (they)

The “big four” you will use constantly

These four appear in almost every conversation about the past. Learn them first.

Infinitive OVT singular OVT plural Typical meaning
zijn was waren to be
hebben had hadden to have
gaan ging gingen to go
doen deed deden to do

Modal verbs in the past: could / had to / was allowed to

Modal verbs are essential at work: permissions, obligations, abilities. In the past they are irregular too.

Infinitive OVT singular OVT plural Use it for…
kunnen kon konden ability/possibility in the past
moeten moest moesten obligation/necessity in the past
mogen mocht mochten permission in the past
zullen zou zouden plans/intentions, polite “would”

Word order reminder: in a normal sentence the modal comes in position 2, and the main verb is usually at the end.

  • Ik moest gisteren langer werken.
  • Wij konden de presentatie niet afmaken.

Common traps (and how to self-correct)

  • Trap 1: present tense + past time word
    • Ik ga gisteren naar de vergadering.
    • Ik ging gisteren naar de vergadering.
  • Trap 2: using the infinitive as a past form
    • Hij gaan naar kantoor.
    • Hij ging naar kantoor.
  • Trap 3: singular/plural mismatch
    • Wij had een afspraak.
    • Wij hadden een afspraak.
  • Trap 4: “zij” ambiguity
    • Zij was er niet. (one woman)
    • Zij waren er niet. (multiple people)

Fast self-check before you speak

  1. Do I see a past time word (gisteren, vorige week, toen, in 2023)? If yes: use OVT.
  2. Is the verb in the irregular list/table? If yes: choose the irregular past form (don’t try -de/-te).
  3. Is my subject singular or plural? Pick the matching form: was/waren, had/hadden, etc.

Mini patterns to memorise (work & school context)

  • Toen + past: Toen was ik nog student.
  • Vorige week + past: Vorige week had ik drie meetings.
  • Niet with modals: Ik kon niet komen. / Wij mochten niet bellen.
  • Many times / routine in the past: Ik ging vroeger elke dag met de trein.
  1. Some common verbs have an irregular form in the onvoltooid verleden tijd.
  2. These verbs do not follow fixed regular patterns like most verbs with -de/-te in the past tense.
Infinitief (infinitive)Verleden tijd (past tense)Infinitief (infinitive)Verleden tijd (past tense)
zijn (to be)was, waren (was, were)kunnen (can / to be able to)kon, konden (could, could)
hebben (to have)had, hadden (had, had)moeten (must / to have to)moest, moesten (had to, had to)
doen (to do)deed, deden (did, did)mogen (may / to be allowed to)mocht, mochten (was allowed to, were allowed to)
gaan (to go)ging, gingen (went, went)brengen (to bring)bracht, brachten (brought, brought)
zien (to see)zag, zagen (saw, saw)kopen (to buy)kocht, kochten (bought, bought)
zeggen (to say)zei, zeiden (said, said)zoeken (to look for)zocht, zochten (looked for, looked for)
vragen (to ask)vroeg, vroegen (asked, asked)staan (to stand)stond, stonden (stood, stood)
denken (to think)dacht, dachten (thought, thought)zullen (will / shall)zou, zouden (would, would)

Exercise 1: Multiple choice

Instruction: Choose the correct answer

1. Toen ik op de basisschool ___, had ik een juf die altijd heel geduldig was.

When I was in primary school ___, I had a teacher who was always very patient.

2. Op de middelbare school ___ ik elke dag om acht uur in het klaslokaal zijn.

In secondary school ___ I had to be in the classroom every day at eight o'clock.

3. In de vierde klas ___ we vaak samen naar de bibliotheek om te studeren, maar ik ___ me niet altijd goed concentreren.

In fourth grade ___ we often went to the library together to study, but I ___ couldn't always concentrate.

4. Op de universiteit ___ ik een cursus over het Nederlandse onderwijssysteem en ___ ik hoe anders de basisschool hier is.

At university ___ I took a course about the Dutch education system and ___ saw how different primary school is here.

Exercise 2: Multiple Choice

Instruction: Choose the correct sentence in the simple past tense (ovt) with irregular verbs, as used in everyday conversations about school and work.

1.
'Go' is the infinitive and not correct as a past tense form.
'Go' is the present tense, but the past tense is needed here.
2.
'Do' is the base form; the past tense is missing here.
'Does' is present tense, but the past tense is needed.

Exercise 3: Rewrite the phrases

Instruction: Rewrite the sentences in the simple past tense (use the correct irregular form of the verb).

Show/Hide translation Show/Hide hints
  1. Ik ben vandaag ziek en ik blijf thuis.
    ⇒ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    Ik was vandaag ziek en ik bleef thuis.
    (I was sick today and I stayed at home.)
  2. Wij hebben weinig tijd voor de vergadering.
    ⇒ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    Wij hadden weinig tijd voor de vergadering.
    (We had little time for the meeting.)
  3. Wat doe jij meestal na je werk?
    ⇒ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    Wat deed jij gisteren na je werk?
    (What did you usually do after work?)
  4. Wij gaan elke ochtend met de trein naar kantoor.
    ⇒ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    Wij gingen vanochtend met de trein naar kantoor.
    (We took the train to the office every morning.)

Exercise 4: Grammar in action

Instruction: Talk about your school days and ask each other about your memories.

Show/Hide translation
Situation
Je bent op een reünie met oude klasgenoten van de middelbare school.
(You're at a reunion with former classmates from high school.)

Discuss
  • Hoe was jouw basisschool of middelbare school? Wat vond je leuk en moeilijk? (What was your primary school or high school like? What did you enjoy and what did you find difficult?)
  • Welke leraar of lerares had je vroeger? Wat deed hij/zij dat jij goed of niet goed vond?
Moest je vroeger veel huiswerk doen? Wat deed je als je geen zin had? (Which teacher did you have back then? What did they do that you liked or didn't like?)

Useful words and phrases
  • Toen ik op de basisschool was, had ik goede cijfers. (When I was in primary school, I got good grades.)
  • Ik ging elke dag met de fiets naar school. (I biked to school every day.)
  • Ik moest soms veel huiswerk maken en kon soms niet ontspannen. (Sometimes I had a lot of homework and sometimes I couldn't relax.)

Use in conversation
  • onvoltooid verleden tijd van zijn/hebben (simple past of zijn/hebben)
  • onvoltooid verleden tijd van gaan/doen (simple past of gaan/doen)

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This content has been designed and reviewed by the coLanguage pedagogical team: About coLanguage

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Kato De Paepe

Business and languages

KdG University of Applied Sciences and Arts Antwerp

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Last Updated:

Wednesday, 25/03/2026 05:29