Simple past tense: irregular verbs

Onvoltooid verleden tijd: onregelmatige werkwoorden


Onregelmatige werkwoorden zoals zijn, hebben, gaan, doen veranderen vaak van klank: was, had, ging, deed.

(Irregular verbs such as zijn, hebben, gaan, doen often change their vowel sound: was, had, ging, deed.)

When do you use the OVT (simple past) in Dutch?

Use the onvoltooid verleden tijd (OVT) to talk about:

  • Finished actions in the past: Gisteren ging ik naar kantoor.
  • Past situations / states: Ik was erg druk.
  • Habits in the past: Op school ging ik elke dag met de fiets.

Key point: with irregular verbs you cannot build the past with -de/-te. You must learn the past forms.

Irregular verbs: what changes and what stays the same?

  • The verb form changes: gaan → ging
  • The sentence structure stays normal: subject + past verb (+ rest)
  • Plural often ends in -en: ik ging, wij gingen
Infinitive OVT (singular) OVT (plural) Typical meaning
zijn was waren to be
hebben had hadden to have
gaan ging gingen to go
doen deed deden to do

The 3 most common “trouble spots” (and how to avoid them)

  • 1) Don’t invent -de/-te forms

    hebde / gaande / doete are not Dutch.

    Correct: had, ging, deed.

  • 2) Don’t use two verb forms at the same time

    Wrong idea: mixing present/perfect + OVT in one verb group.

    Toen ik 12 was, ben ik elke dag naar school ging.

    Correct: Toen ik 12 was, ging ik elke dag naar school.

  • 3) Watch singular vs plural

    ik/hij/zij → singular form: ik was, hij kon

    wij/jullie/zij → plural form: wij waren, zij konden

Modal verbs in the past: keep the second verb as an infinitive

With kunnen, moeten, mogen, zullen you typically use:

  • modal (OVT) + infinitive
Meaning Correct Dutch What to avoid
could not come Ik kon niet komen. Ik kon niet kwam.
had to work longer Ik moest langer werken. Ik moest langer werkte.
would call later Ik zou later bellen. Ik zou later belde.

Fast self-check: am I using the OVT correctly?

  1. Is it clearly in the past (yesterday, last week, when I was 12)?

  2. Did I choose the irregular past form from the list (not -de/-te)?

  3. Is it singular (ik/hij/zij) or plural (wij/jullie/zij)?

  4. If there is a modal verb: is the second verb an infinitive?

Mini model sentences you can reuse (professional context)

  • Ik had een afspraak met de klant.

  • We gingen na de meeting direct naar huis.

  • Zij zei dat de deadline te krap was.

  • Ik moest langer blijven omdat ik mijn pas zocht.

  • We konden het probleem snel oplossen.

  1. Some common verbs have an irregular form in the onvoltooid verleden tijd.
  2. These verbs do not follow fixed regular patterns like most verbs with -de/-te in the past tense.
Infinitief (infinitive)Verleden tijd (past tense)Infinitief (infinitive)Verleden tijd (past tense)
zijn (to be)was, waren (was, were)kunnen (can / to be able to)kon, konden (could)
hebben (to have)had, hadden (had)moeten (must / to have to)moest, moesten (had to)
doen (to do)deed, deden (did)mogen (may / to be allowed to)mocht, mochten (was allowed to)
gaan (to go)ging, gingen (went)brengen (to bring)bracht, brachten (brought)
zien (to see)zag, zagen (saw)kopen (to buy)kocht, kochten (bought)
zeggen (to say)zei, zeiden (said)zoeken (to search (for))zocht, zochten (searched (for))
vragen (to ask)vroeg, vroegen (asked)staan (to stand)stond, stonden (stood)
denken (to think)dacht, dachten (thought)zullen (will / would)zou, zouden (would)

Exercise 1: Multiple choice

Instruction: Choose the correct answer

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1. Toen ik op de basisschool zat, ___ mijn lievelingsvak tekenen.

When I was in primary school, ___ my favorite subject was drawing.

2. Gisteren ___ ik een gesprek met de mentor over mijn cijfers.

Yesterday ___ I had a conversation with the mentor about my grades.

3. Op de middelbare school ___ ik elke dag met de fiets naar school.

In secondary school ___ I went to school by bike every day.

4. Tijdens de les ___ de docent dat we ons moesten inschrijven voor het examen.

During the lesson ___ the teacher said that we had to register for the exam.

Exercise 2: Rewrite the phrases

Instruction: Rewrite the sentences in the simple past tense (OVT) and use the correct irregular forms of the verbs.

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  1. Ik ben ziek, dus ik ga niet naar kantoor.
    ⇒ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    Ik was ziek, dus ik ging niet naar kantoor.
    (I was sick, so I did not go to the office.)
  2. We hebben vandaag een overleg en we doen de presentatie samen.
    ⇒ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    We hadden die dag een overleg en we deden de presentatie samen.
    (We had a meeting that day and we did the presentation together.)
  3. Zij ziet de klant in de hal en zij zegt meteen hallo.
    ⇒ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    Zij zag de klant in de hal en zij zei meteen hallo.
    (She saw the customer in the hall and she immediately said hello.)
  4. De manager vraagt om hulp, maar ik kan niet komen.
    ⇒ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    De manager vroeg om hulp, maar ik kon niet komen.
    (The manager asked for help, but I could not come.)

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Kato De Paepe

Business and languages

KdG University of Applied Sciences and Arts Antwerp

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Last Updated:

Thursday, 07/05/2026 23:01