Lessons

Modal verbs: Devoir, Falloir, Pouvoir, Vouloir

Modal verbs express an obligation, a permission, or a desire.

What these verbs do (quick meaning map)

  • vouloir = want / would like (intention)
  • pouvoir = can / be able to (possibility or permission)
  • devoir = must / have to (obligation)
  • falloir = need to / it is necessary (general obligation)

They are called “modal verbs” because they change the “mode” (intention / obligation / possibility) of the action.

The key structure: modal verb + infinitive

Rule: the modal verb comes first, then the second verb stays in the infinitive (the dictionary form: manger, acheter, préparer…).

Correct Common mistake
Je dois peser les fruits. Je dois pèse les fruits.
Nous pouvons utiliser un fouet. Nous pouvons utilisons un fouet.
Tu veux ajouter du poivre ? Tu veux ajoutes du poivre ?
  • Only the modal verb is conjugated (je, tu, nous…).
  • The second verb does not change.

How to choose: obligation vs permission vs wish

What you mean French choice Example (adult, real-life)
Personal obligation (my duty) devoir Je dois préparer le repas.
General rule / necessity (not about “me”) falloir Il faut préparer le repas.
Ability / permission / possibility pouvoir Je peux utiliser ta cuisine ?
Wish / intention (do you want to…?) vouloir Vous voulez goûter ce fromage ?

Devoir vs falloir: the difference learners miss

  • Je dois… = “I have to…” (it’s my responsibility, my schedule, my duty).
  • Il faut… = “You/We/People need to…” (a general requirement; often sounds like advice, instructions, or rules).

Compare:

  • Je dois acheter du pain. (I personally must do it.)
  • Il faut acheter du pain. (Bread is needed; someone should buy it.)

Falloir is special: only “il faut” (A1)

falloir is impersonal: at A1 you will mainly use:

  • Il faut + infinitive

“Il” here does not mean “he”. It is like English “it”: “It is necessary…”

Correct Not used (A1)
Il faut mélanger le sucre. Je faut mélanger le sucre.

Useful question patterns for conversation

  • Tu peux + infinitive ? = Can you…? / Is it possible for you to…?
    • Tu peux couper l’oignon ?
  • Tu veux + infinitive ? = Do you want to…? (offer / invitation)
    • Tu veux goûter la sauce ?
  • On peut + infinitive ? = Can we…? (suggestion)
    • On peut ajouter du poivre ?

Self-check before you answer (10 seconds)

  1. Do I want to express wish, possibility, or obligation?
  2. Did I conjugate the modal verb for the subject (je/tu/nous/vous/ils)?
  3. Is the second verb in the infinitive?
  4. If I used falloir, did I write il faut?
  1. The modal verb comes before a verb in the infinitive.
Verbe (Verb)Exemple (Example)
Vouloir (To want)Je veux goûter ce fromage. (I want to taste this cheese.)
Devoir (To have to / must)Je dois peser les fruits. (I have to weigh the fruit.)
Pouvoir (To be able to / can)Je peux cuisiner avec toi ? (Can I cook with you?)
Falloir (To be necessary)Il faut préparer le repas. (We need to prepare the meal.)

Exceptions!

  1. The verb falloir is impersonal and is only conjugated in the third person singular.

Exercise 1: Multiple choice

Instruction: Choose the correct answer

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1. Pour cette recette, tu ___ mélanger la farine avec le sucre. Pour cette recette, tu dois mélanger la farine avec le sucre.

For this recipe, you ___ mix the flour with the sugar.

2. Pour la soupe à l’oignon, il ___ beaucoup d’oignons et un peu d’ail. Pour la soupe à l’oignon, il faut beaucoup d’oignons et un peu d’ail.

For the onion soup, you ___ lots of onions and a little garlic.

3. Je ___ utiliser ton huile d’olive pour la salade ? Je peux utiliser ton huile d’olive pour la salade ?

Can I ___ use your olive oil for the salad?

4. Vous ___ goûter mon gâteau fait maison ? Vous voulez goûter mon gâteau fait maison ?

Would you ___ try my homemade cake?

Exercise 2: Rewrite the phrases

Instruction: Rewrite the sentences using the modal verb indicated in parentheses (vouloir, devoir, pouvoir, falloir) while keeping the same general meaning.

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  1. (vouloir) Tu goûtes ce nouveau plat.
    ⇒ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    Tu veux goûter ce nouveau plat.
    (You want to taste this new dish.)
  2. (devoir) Nous finissons le gâteau avant 18 heures.
    ⇒ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    Nous devons finir le gâteau avant 18 heures.
    (We must finish the cake before 6 p.m.)
  3. (pouvoir) Je cuisine avec toi ce soir ?
    ⇒ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    Je peux cuisiner avec toi ce soir ?
    (Can I cook with you tonight?)
  4. (devoir) Vous faites la vaisselle après le dîner.
    ⇒ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    Vous devez faire la vaisselle après le dîner.
    (You must do the dishes after lunch.)
  5. (falloir) On choisit un vin avant le repas.
    ⇒ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    Il faut choisir un vin avant le repas.
    (We need to choose a wine before the meal.)
  6. (vouloir) Ils mangent quelque chose avant la réunion.
    ⇒ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    Ils veulent manger quelque chose avant la réunion.
    (They want to eat something before the meeting.)

Learn French for beginners - A practical A1 course with audio

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Alessia Calcagni

Languages for communication in international enterprises and organizations

Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia

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Last Updated:

Sunday, 23/08/2026 09:32


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