Learn how to use Spanish past tenses: pretérito imperfecto for ongoing/habitual actions, pretérito indefinido for completed actions, and pretérito perfecto for past actions affecting the present, with examples like gobernaba, visitó, and he votado.
Tiempo verbal (Verbal tense)Regla (Rule)Ejemplo (Example)
Pretérito imperfectoAcciones en progreso o habituales en el pasado (Actions in progress or habitual in the past)Cuando era joven, el presidente gobernaba con su ministro. (When I was young, the president governed with his minister.)
Pretérito indefinidoAcciones completadas en el pasado (Completed actions in the past)En 2010, la princesa visitó el parlamento. (In 2010, the princess visited the parliament.)
Pretérito perfectoAcciones pasadas que afectan el presente (Past actions that affect the present)Esta semana, he votado en las elecciones del gobierno. (This week, I have voted in the government elections.)

Exercise 1: Los tiempos del pasado (resumen)

Instruction: Fill in the correct word.

Show translation Show answers

hemos reservado, elegí, fuimos, hicieron, trabajaba, votaba, votaron, Visité

1. Visitar (yo):
... varias oficinas electorales en la ciudad la semana pasada.
(Visité varias oficinas electorales en la ciudad la semana pasada.)
2. Elegir:
El año pasado, ... a mi representante en el parlamento.
(El año pasado, elegí a mi representante en el parlamento.)
3. Hacer (ellos):
Hace una semana, ... una reunión sobre las elecciones.
(Hace una semana, hicieron una reunión sobre las elecciones.)
4. Votar:
Cuando era joven, ... por diferentes partidos políticos.
(Cuando era joven, votaba por diferentes partidos políticos.)
5. Votar:
Ellos ... en las últimas elecciones.
(Ellos votaron en las últimas elecciones.)
6. Trabajar:
El gobierno ... todos los días para el país.
(El gobierno trabajaba todos los días para el país.)
7. Ir:
Nosotros ... a la sede electoral el domingo pasado.
(Nosotros fuimos a la sede electoral el domingo pasado.)
8. Reservar (nosotros):
Hoy, ... el lugar para votar.
(Hoy, hemos reservado el lugar para votar.)

Exercise 2: Multiple Choice

Instruction: Choose the correct sentence that appropriately uses one of the past tenses in Spanish (imperfect, preterite, present perfect), considering the context and the meaning of the past action.

1.
Error: 'fui joven' indicates a punctual action, not a habitual one. Here, the imperfect tense is required to describe a habitual state.
Error: the preterite expresses a punctual and completed action, but the sentence aims to indicate a habitual state in the past.
2.
Although grammatically correct, to emphasize a recent action, it is more common to use the present perfect with unfinished time expressions like 'this week'.
Error: the imperfect is not used for punctual actions at a defined past time like 'last week'.
3.
Error: the present perfect is not used with time markers indicating a finished past time, like 'in 2010'.
Error: the imperfect indicates habitual or ongoing actions, not a punctual, completed action on a specific date.
4.
Error: the present perfect is not used to describe habitual facts in periods of the past that are already finished.
Error: the preterite indicates a punctual action, while here the idea is to express habit or repetition.

Summary of Past Tenses in Spanish

This lesson focuses on the three main past tenses in Spanish: the pretérito imperfecto, pretérito indefinido, and pretérito perfecto. These tenses have distinct uses and are essential to express various nuances about past actions.

The Pretérito Imperfecto

This tense is used to describe actions that were ongoing, habitual, or repeated in the past. For example: Cuando era joven, el presidente gobernaba con su ministro. (When I was young, the president governed with his minister.)

The Pretérito Indefinido

This tense refers to completed actions that happened at a specific point in the past. Example: En 2010, la princesa visitó el parlamento. (In 2010, the princess visited the parliament.)

The Pretérito Perfecto

This tense connects past actions with the present moment, usually for recent events or actions with current relevance. Example: Esta semana, he votado en las elecciones del gobierno. (This week, I have voted in government elections.)

Key Points and Highlights

  • Pretérito Imperfecto: ongoing or habitual past actions; often sets the scene or background.
  • Pretérito Indefinido: specific, completed past actions; used with definite time markers like "en 2010."
  • Pretérito Perfecto: past actions affecting the present; common with recent time expressions like "esta semana."

Comparing Spanish Past Tenses and English

English uses a variety of past tenses but doesn't differentiate as explicitly as Spanish does between completed past events and habitual or ongoing past situations in the same way. For example:

  • The Spanish pretérito imperfecto corresponds to "was/were doing" or "used to do" in English.
  • The pretérito indefinido is similar to the simple past ("did"), marking clear, completed actions.
  • The pretérito perfecto aligns with the present perfect in English ("have done"), relating past events to the present.

Useful expressions for English speakers learning Spanish:

  • Acciones en progreso o habituales en el pasado: actions going on or habitual in the past, e.g., "gobernaba" (was governing/used to govern).
  • Acciones completadas en el pasado: completed actions in the past, e.g., "visitó" (visited).
  • Acciones pasadas que afectan el presente: past actions affecting the present, e.g., "he votado" (have voted).

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