This lesson introduces Polish grammatical cases (przypadki), explaining their questions and uses with examples like koleżanka (friend) in nominative, genitive, and instrumental forms, essential for correct sentence structure.
  1. In the Polish language, we have seven cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, locative, and vocative.
  2. Each case answers different questions.
Przypadek (Case)Na jakie pytania odpowiada? (What questions does it answer?)Przykład (Example)
Mianownik (Nominative)Kto? Co? (Who? What?)Kto to jest? To jest koleżanka. (Who is this? This is a friend.)
Dopełniacz (Genitive)Kogo? Czego? (Who? What?)Kogo nie ma? Nie ma koleżanki. (Who is missing? There is no friend.)
Celownik (Dative)Komu? Czemu? (To whom? For what?)Komu się przyglądam? Przyglądam się koleżance. (Who am I looking at? I am looking at my friend.)
Biernik (Accusative)Kogo? Co? (Who? What?)Kogo widzę? Widzę koleżankę. (Who do I see? I see a female friend.)
Narzędnik (Instrumental)Z kim? Z czym? (With whom? With what?)Z kim idę? Idę z koleżanką. (Who am I going with? I am going with a friend.)
Miejscownik (Locative)O kim? O czym? (About whom? About what?)O kim myślę? Myślę o koleżance. (Who am I thinking about? I am thinking about a friend.)
Wołacz (Vocative)O! (O!)O, koleżanko! (Oh, friend!)

Exceptions!

  1. Some verbs and prepositions require a specific case, e.g. słuchać + genitive, rozmawiać o + locative.
  2. The vocative is mainly used in forms of direct address, e.g. Mamo!, Kasiu!.

Exercise 1: Multiple Choice

Instruction: Choose the correct solution

1. Jestem ___ i mieszkam w Warszawie.

(I am ___ and I live in Warsaw.)

2. Oni są ___ z Niemiec.

(They are ___ from Germany.)

3. To ___ jest bardzo miłe.

(This ___ is very nice.)

4. Widzę ___ mężczyznę na ulicy.

(I see a ___ man on the street.)

5. Moja koleżanka jest ___ .

(My (female) friend is ___ .)

6. ___ są nowi w klasie.

(___ are new in the class.)

Introduction to Polish Cases

This lesson presents an overview of the seven cases in Polish grammar, essential for understanding the roles of nouns, adjectives, and pronouns in sentences. These forms change depending on their function and are part of the process called declension. Familiarity with cases is fundamental for constructing meaningful and grammatically correct sentences in Polish.

What Are Cases?

Cases indicate the grammatical role of words. Polish has seven cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, locative, and vocative. Each case answers specific questions and modifies word endings accordingly.

Summary of the Seven Polish Cases

CaseQuestions It AnswersExample
Nominative (Mianownik)Who? What?Kto to jest? To jest koleżanka.
Genitive (Dopełniacz)Whose? Of what?Kogo nie ma? Nie ma koleżanki.
Dative (Celownik)To whom? To what?Komu się przyglądam? Przyglądam się koleżance.
Accusative (Biernik)Whom? What?Kogo widzę? Widzę koleżankę.
Instrumental (Narzędnik)With whom? With what?Z kim idę? Idę z koleżanką.
Locative (Miejscownik)About whom? About what?O kim myślę? Myślę o koleżance.
Vocative (Wołacz)O!O, koleżanko!

Important Notes

  • The vocative case is mainly used for direct addresses, such as calling someone's name.
  • Certain verbs and prepositions require specific cases. For example, the verb słuchać (to listen to) always uses the genitive case, while rozmawiać o (to talk about) requires the locative case.

Examples of Useful Words and Expressions

  • Polk05 - the correct instrumental form meaning "a Polish woman" in the sentence "Jestem Polk05 i mieszkam w Warszawie." (I am Polish and I live in Warsaw.)
  • m197cczyznami - instrumental plural of "men" in "Oni s05 m197cczyznami z Niemiec." (They are men from Germany.)
  • dziecko - nominative singular for "child" as in "To dziecko jest bardzo mi42e." (This child is very nice.)
  • wysokiego - accusative masculine singular adjective for "tall" in "Widz19 wysokiego m197cczyzn19 na ulicy." (I see a tall man on the street.)
  • Hiszpank05 - instrumental form for "Spanish woman" in "Moja kole7canka jest Hiszpank05." (My friend is a Spanish woman.)
  • Ch42opcy - nominative plural for "boys" as in "Ch42opcy s05 nowi w klasie." (The boys are new in the class.)

Differences Between English and Polish Cases

Unlike English, where word order and prepositions mainly indicate sentence structure, Polish uses a system of cases that change the endings of words to show their grammatical function. This means that Polish sentences can often be understood even with varied word order, as the cases provide clear clues.

English generally relies on strict word order and prepositions rather than modifying word endings. For example, in English, "I see the woman" and "The woman sees me" rely on word order, while in Polish, the endings of the nouns change to show subject and object.

Useful phrases to keep in mind include:

  • Kto? Co? (Who? What?) for nominative case questions.
  • Kogo? Czego? (Whose? Of what?) for genitive.
  • Komu? Czemu? (To whom? To what?) for dative.
  • Kogo? Co? (Whom? What?) for accusative.
  • Z kim? Z czym? (With whom? With what?) for instrumental.
  • O kim? O czym? (About whom? About what?) for locative.
  • O! for vocative.

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This content has been designed and reviewed by the coLanguage pedagogical team: About coLanguage

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Joanna Majchrowska

Master of Spanish Philology

University of Lodz

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Poland


Last Updated:

Tuesday, 14/10/2025 17:22