This lesson covers Polish grammatical number and gender, focusing on singular masculine, feminine, neuter (e.g., pan, pani, dziecko) and plural masculine personal vs. non-masculine personal types (e.g., mężczyźni, kobiety). Learn key vocabulary and patterns including irregular plurals and feminine nationality forms like Polka and Hiszpanka.
  1. In the singular, nouns have masculine, feminine, or neuter gender.
  2. In the plural, we distinguish between the masculine personal and non-masculine personal gender.
Liczba (Number)Rodzaj (gender)Przykłady (Examples)
Pojedyncza (singular)męski (masculine)pan (Mr), mężczyzna (man), chłopak (boy), Polak (Pole), Hiszpan (Spaniard)
Pojedyncza (singular)żeński (feminine)pani (Mrs), kobieta (woman), Polka (Polish woman), dziewczyna (girl), Hiszpanka (Hiszpanka)
Pojedyncza (singular)nijaki (neuter)dziecko (child), zwierzę (animal), imię (name), okno (window), miasto (city)
Mnoga (plural)męskoosobowy (masculine personal plural)mężczyźni (men), chłopcy (boys), studenci (students), Polacy (Poles), Hiszpanie (Spaniards)
Mnoga (plural)niemęskoosobowy (non-masculine personal)kobiety (women), dziewczyny (girls), dzieci (children), Polki (Polish women), Hiszpanki (Spanish women)

Exceptions!

  1. Some nouns have irregular plural forms, for example, dziecko → dzieci, mężczyzna → mężczyźni.
  2. The feminine forms of nationalities most often end in -ka, for example Polak → Polka, Hiszpan → Hiszpanka, Niemiec → Niemka.

Exercise 1: Multiple Choice

Instruction: Choose the correct solution

1. Jestem ___ i mieszkam w Warszawie.

(I am ___ and I live in Warsaw.)

2. On jest ___ i lubi hiszpańską kuchnię.

(He is ___ and he likes Spanish cuisine.)

3. ___ są na spotkaniu z nauczycielem.

(___ are at the meeting with the teacher.)

4. ___ są studentkami medycyny.

(___ are medical students.)

5. ___ bawią się na placu zabaw.

(___ are playing on the playground.)

6. ___ z Niemiec to Niemki.

(___ from Germany are German women.)

Number and Grammatical Gender in Polish

This lesson introduces you to the concepts of number and gender in Polish nouns, essential for forming correct sentences and understanding the language structure.

Understanding Number (Liczba)

Polish nouns can be either singular (referring to one person or thing) or plural (referring to multiple persons or things).

Grammatical Gender (Rodzaj)

In the singular form, Polish nouns have three genders:

  • Masculine (męski): e.g., pan, mężczyzna, chłopak, Polak, Hiszpan
  • Feminine (żeński): e.g., pani, kobieta, Polka, dziewczyna, Hiszpanka
  • Neuter (nijaki): e.g., dziecko, zwierzę, imię, okno, miasto

In the plural, nouns are categorized into:

  • Masculine personal (męskoosobowy): e.g., mężczyźni, chłopcy, studenci, Polacy, Hiszpanie
  • Non-masculine personal (niemęskoosobowy): e.g., kobiety, dziewczyny, dzieci, Polki, Hiszpanki

Irregular Plurals and Feminine Forms of Nationalities

Some nouns have irregular plural forms, such as dziecko → dzieci and mężczyzna → mężczyźni.

Feminine forms of nationalities commonly end in -ka, for example: Polak → Polka, Hiszpan → Hiszpanka, Niemiec → Niemka.

Key Takeaways

  • Polish nouns reflect both number and gender, which affect endings and agreement with adjectives and verbs.
  • Singular nouns have masculine, feminine, or neuter gender.
  • Plural nouns are divided into masculine personal and non-masculine personal categories.
  • Learning irregular plurals and common patterns for feminine forms helps in everyday communication.

Comparison with English

Unlike English, which generally uses one plural form regardless of gender (e.g., "man" → "men", "woman" → "women"), Polish distinguishes several genders and different plural forms based on whether nouns refer to people and their gender.

For example, the masculine personal plural in Polish has specific endings distinct from non-masculine personal plurals, which affects verb conjugation and adjective forms.

Helpful phrases include:

  • Jakie jest twoje imię? – What is your name?
  • On jest Polakiem. – He is Polish (male).
  • Ona jest Polką. – She is Polish (female).

This knowledge will build your foundation for correct grammar and natural expression in Polish.

Written by

This content has been designed and reviewed by the coLanguage pedagogical team: About coLanguage

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Joanna Majchrowska

Master of Spanish Philology

University of Lodz

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Poland


Last Updated:

Saturday, 11/10/2025 11:11