This lesson explains Dutch persoonlijke voornaamwoorden like ik (I), jij (you informal), u (you formal), hij (he), zij (she), and wij (we), focusing on their use as subjects in singular and plural forms.
  1. First person: 'ik' for singular, 'wij' for plural.
  2. Second person: 'jij' for informal, 'u' for formal.
  3. Third person: 'hij' for masculine, 'zij' for feminine.
Persoon (Person)Enkelvoud (Singular)Meervoud (plural)
1. ikwij / we
2. jij / je / ujullie
3. hij / zij / zezij / ze
3. (onzijdig)het / 't 

Exceptions!

  1. Use 'je' in informal situations instead of 'jij'.
  2. Use 'u' for polite or formal situations.
  3. The neuter pronoun 'het' refers to things or ideas.
  4. Je, ze, en we cannot be used for contrast or emphasis, such as: 'Wie heeft de afwas gedaan? Zij heeft dat gedaan, jij niet!'

Exercise 1: Persoonlijke voornaamwoorden (ik, jij, hij,…)

Instruction: Fill in the correct word.

Show translation Show answers

Hij, Zij, Ik, Wij, Het, U

1.
... woont in Rotterdam.
(Zij woont in Rotterdam.)
2.
... bent meneer Jansen, toch?
(U bent meneer Jansen, toch?)
3.
... zijn mijn vrienden.
(Zij zijn mijn vrienden.)
4.
... regent vandaag.
(Het regent vandaag.)
5.
... is tijd om te gaan.
(Het is tijd om te gaan.)
6.
... woon in Amsterdam.
(Ik woon in Amsterdam.)
7.
... gaan naar de markt.
(Wij gaan naar de markt.)
8.
... is mijn broer.
(Hij is mijn broer.)

Exercise 2: Dialogue completion

Instruction: Complete the dialogue with the correct solution

1. ___ ga morgen naar mijn werk.

( ___ am going to my work tomorrow.)

2. ___ bent mijn nieuwe collega.

( ___ are my new colleague.)

3. ___ zegt dat hij morgen niet komt.

( ___ says that he is not coming tomorrow.)

4. ___ kunt hier plaatsnemen, alstublieft.

( ___ can take a seat here, please.)

5. ___ beginnen de vergadering om negen uur.

( ___ start the meeting at nine o’clock.)

6. ___ gaat altijd heel vriendelijk met klanten om.

( ___ always deals very kindly with customers.)

Personal Pronouns in Dutch

This lesson introduces the basic personal pronouns in Dutch, essential for daily communication. Personal pronouns replace nouns and are typically used as subjects in sentences. Understanding these pronouns helps you form sentences that refer to people or things without repeating their names.

Singular and Plural Forms

In Dutch, personal pronouns have singular and plural forms, affecting how you refer to one person or multiple people.

  • First Person: ik (I - singular), wij / we (we - plural)
  • Second Person: jij / je / u (you - singular), jullie (you - plural)
  • Third Person: hij (he), zij / ze (she or they)
  • Neuter Third Person Singular: het / 't (it)

Formal vs Informal Address

Different forms of the second person pronoun indicate varying levels of formality:

  • jij/je is informal, used with friends, family, or peers.
  • u is formal, used in polite or professional contexts.

For example, Wilt u een kopje koffie? means "Would you like a cup of coffee?" in a respectful form.

Usage Notes

  • The pronoun je is often used informally instead of jij.
  • Pronouns like je, ze, and we do not usually appear in sentences where emphasis or contrast is needed. For example: Wie heeft de afwas gedaan? Zij heeft dat gedaan, jij niet!

Comparison with English

English personal pronouns are similar but with some differences in usage and formality:

  • English has no formal "you," while Dutch distinguishes jij/je (informal) and u (formal).
  • The Dutch pronoun zij/ze can mean both "she" and "they," depending on context. English distinguishes between singular and plural.
  • The neutral pronoun het is used for objects or ideas, similar to English "it."

Useful Phrases

  • Ik begin de vergadering nu. – I start the meeting now.
  • Jij bent vandaag erg vriendelijk. – You are very friendly today.
  • Wij hebben het rapport klaar. – We have the report ready.

These examples help practice the use of personal pronouns in context.

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