Para formar el pretérito perfecto , se conjuga el verbo "haber" seguido del participio perfecto.
(To form the
- It is used for actions that have happened recently or that have happened but are not finished yet.
- The participle of regular verbs is formed by adding the endings "-ado" , (verbos en "-ar") or " -ido" (para los verbos en "-er" e "-ir")
- The past participle is invariable. It is the same for all personal pronouns.
| Conjugación de "haber" (Conjugation of "haber") | Participio (Participle) | Ejemplo (Example) |
|---|---|---|
| Yo he | tomado | He tomado una bebida en el bar. (I have had a drink at the bar.) |
| Tú has | Has tomado el menú en el restaurante. (You have taken the menu in the restaurant.) | |
| Él/ella ha | Ha tomado un plato en la pizzería. (He/She has ordered a dish at the pizzeria.) | |
| Nosotros/-as hemos | Hemos tomado el postre en la cafetería. (We have had dessert in the café.) | |
| Vosotros/-as habéis | Habéis tomado un café en el restaurante. (You (plural) have had a coffee in the restaurant.) | |
| Ellos/-as han | Han tomado la bebida que les gustaba. (They have had the drink they liked.) |
Exceptions!
- Some participles are irregular. For example: "escribir - escrito, abrir - abierto, hacer - hecho, decir - dicho, ver- visto, romper - roto" .
Exercise 1: Multiple choice
Instruction: Choose the correct answer
1. Hoy ___ un café y una tostada en la barra antes de trabajar.
Today ___ a coffee and a toast at the bar before work.)2. Nosotros ___ una mesa para cuatro a las nueve.
We ___ a table for four at nine o'clock.)3. Perdona, todavía no ___ la bebida.
Sorry, I still haven't ___ the drink.)4. Vosotros ___ una buena propina al camarero.
You (plural) ___ a good tip for the waiter.)Exercise 2: Rewrite the phrases
Instruction: Rewrite the sentences in the present perfect tense using the verb in parentheses, as in the example: I (tomar) a drink at the bar. → I have had a drink at the bar.
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Nosotros (comer) en un restaurante italiano esta noche.⇒ _______________________________________________ ExampleHemos comido en un restaurante italiano esta noche.(We have eaten at an Italian restaurant tonight.)
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Yo (abrir) una botella de vino para la cena.⇒ _______________________________________________ ExampleHe abierto una botella de vino para la cena.(I have opened a bottle of wine for dinner.)
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Ellos (ver) el menú del día en la pizarra.⇒ _______________________________________________ ExampleHan visto el menú del día en la pizarra.(They have seen the daily menu on the board.)
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Tú (reservar) una mesa para cuatro personas.⇒ _______________________________________________ ExampleHas reservado una mesa para cuatro personas.(You have reserved a table for four people.)
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Vosotros (escribir) un correo al restaurante.⇒ _______________________________________________ ExampleHabéis escrito un correo al restaurante.(You (plural) have written an email to the restaurant.)
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Ella (hacer) una llamada para cambiar la hora de la reserva.⇒ _______________________________________________ ExampleHa hecho una llamada para cambiar la hora de la reserva.(She has made a call to change the reservation time.)
Exercise 3: Grammar in action
Instruction: As a couple, tell each other what you have had today and what you want to order now.
- ¿Qué has tomado hoy para comer o beber, en casa o fuera? (What have you had to eat or drink today, at home or out?)
- En este restaurante, ¿qué plato o bebida no has probado todavía? ¿Por qué? (In this restaurant, which dish or drink haven’t you tried yet? Why?)
- Hoy he tomado una bebida en el bar. (Today I had a drink at the bar.)
- Todavía no he tomado el postre; quiero ver el menú. (I haven't had dessert yet; I want to look at the menu.)
- ¿Has tomado ya algo en esta pizzería o en este restaurante? (Have you had anything yet at this pizzeria or restaurant?)
- yo he + participio (yo he + participio)
- tú has + participio (tú has + participio)
- nosotros hemos + participio (nosotros hemos + participio)