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Impersonal forms: brany → brano, mówiony → mówiono

Impersonal forms are used to talk about an action without naming who did it. What matters is the action itself or its result, not the person who did it. They often appear in official language, the media, and in news reports.

What these forms do (-ano/-ono/-to/-ęto)

These are impersonal past forms. They say: “an action was done by people”, but you do not name who.

  • Otwarto nowe biuro. = Someone/they opened a new office.
  • Podjęto decyzję. = A decision was made (by an unspecified group).

Key idea: there is a real doer (some people), but it stays unnamed.

When to choose this (vs. “się”)

Form Typical meaning Good for
-ano/-ono/-to/-ęto It was done (by some people) reports, news, office talk, “what happened”
… się People generally do this / this is the custom habits, rules, typical procedures
  • Wczoraj otwarto punkt obsługi. (a concrete event)
  • W Polsce często otwiera się sklepy w sobotę. (general habit)

How to build the form (fast decision)

Start from the verb and ask: imperfective (process/repeated) or perfective (completed/one-time)?

Verb type Most common ending Example
Imperfective (do/are doing/were doing) -ano / -ono mówić → mówiono
Perfective (did/finished) -to / -ęto podjąć → podjęto

Practical shortcut: if you would naturally say in English “was done / was opened / was decided” about a completed event, Polish often uses -to/-ęto.

What stays in the sentence (cases and word order)

These forms behave like: “someone did X”. So the object usually stays an object:

  • Otwarto nowy punkt. (Accusative: punkt)
  • Wzięto pod uwagę nasze plany. (Accusative: nasze plany)
  • Mówiono o zmianach. (After o → Locative: zmianach)

Word order: very flexible. In formal reports, time/place often come first:

  • Wczoraj w biurze podjęto decyzję.
  • W biurze podjęto decyzję wczoraj.

What to avoid (common A2 mistakes)

  • No subject like “they/people” next to this form:
    Ludzie otwarto nowy punkt.Otwarto nowy punkt.
  • Don’t add “się” to these endings:
    Mówiono się o zmianach.Mówiono o zmianach.
  • Don’t treat it like an adjective:
    Decyzja była podjęto.Podjęto decyzję. / Decyzja została podjęta.

Self-check: do I need -ano/-ono/-to/-ęto?

  1. Do I want to hide the doer, but imply it was people? If yes → continue.
  2. Is it about a specific event (yesterday, last week, after the meeting)? If yes → this form fits well.
  3. Choose the ending:
    imperfective-ano/-ono (mówiono, robiono)
    perfective-to/-ęto (otwarto, podjęto, wzięto)

Mini models you can reuse (work / office contexts)

Polish model Natural English meaning
W zeszłym tygodniu otwarto nowy punkt obsługi. Last week a new service point was opened.
Po spotkaniu podjęto decyzję o zmianach. After the meeting, a decision was made about changes.
W pracy dużo mówiono o nowych zasadach. At work, people talked a lot about the new rules.
Wzięto pod uwagę moje uwagi. My comments were taken into account.
  1. We most often form -ano and -ono forms from imperfective verbs.
  2. We most often form -to and -ęto forms from perfective verbs.
Imiesłów (Participle)Forma bezosobowa (Impersonal form)Znaczenie (Meaning)
brany (taken)brano (people took)ludzie brali (people were taking)
mówionymówiono (it was said)ludzie mówili (people were saying)
otwarty (opened)otwarto (it was opened)ludzie otworzyli (people opened)
podjęty (taken up)podjęto (it was undertaken)ludzie podjęli (people undertook)

Exceptions!

  1. Unlike impersonal forms with “się”, which refer to general habits, traditions, or what people usually do in a given situation, the -ano, -ono, -to, -ęto forms point to an action done by an unspecified but real group of people.

Exercise 1: Multiple choice

Instruction: Choose the correct answer

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1. W zeszłym tygodniu w urzędzie ____ nowy punkt dla rodzin. W zeszłym tygodniu w urzędzie otwarto nowy punkt dla rodzin.

Last week at the office ____ a new point for families.

2. Po spotkaniu o planach na przyszłość ____ decyzję o przeprowadzce. Po spotkaniu o planach na przyszłość podjęto decyzję o przeprowadzce.

After the meeting about plans for the future, ____ a decision to move.

3. W pracy dużo ____ o łączeniu kariery i życia rodzinnego. W pracy dużo mówiono o łączeniu kariery i życia rodzinnego.

At work, people ____ a lot about combining a career and family life.

4. Wczoraj ____ pod uwagę nasze plany na długoterminowy rozwój. Wczoraj wzięto pod uwagę nasze plany na długoterminowy rozwój.

Yesterday ____ our plans for long-term development into account.

Exercise 2: Rewrite the phrases

Instruction: Rewrite the sentences using impersonal forms ending in -ano, -ono, -to, -ęto (without indicating the performer), e.g. “Ktoś otworzył okno.” → “Otwarto okno.”

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  1. Ktoś otworzył drzwi do sali konferencyjnej.
    ⇒ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    Otwarto drzwi do sali konferencyjnej.
    (The door to the conference room was opened.)
  2. Ludzie mówili o zmianach w firmie na zebraniu.
    ⇒ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    Mówiono o zmianach w firmie na zebraniu.
    (It was talked about changes in the company at the meeting.)
  3. Ktoś podjął decyzję o nowym grafiku pracy.
    ⇒ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    Podjęto decyzję o nowym grafiku pracy.
    (A decision about the new work schedule was made.)
  4. W urzędzie ktoś brał pod uwagę mój wniosek.
    ⇒ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    Brano pod uwagę mój wniosek w urzędzie.
    (My application was taken into account at the office.)

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Joanna Majchrowska

Master of Spanish Philology

University of Lodz

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Poland


Last Updated:

Thursday, 23/07/2026 01:47