Un adjetivo relacional indica el ámbito o sector de algo y deriva normalmente de sustantivos.

(A relational adjective indicates the field or sector something belongs to and normally derives from nouns.)

What are “relational adjectives” in Spanish?

In this unit you are working with a special group of adjectives in Spanish.

  • They classify the noun (type, field, area), not its quality.
  • They often come from nouns:
    economía → económico, energía → energético, empresa → empresarial, terror → terrorista, mes → mensual.
  • They answer questions like: ¿de qué tipo?, ¿de qué área?, ¿de qué campo?

Think of them as a compact way to say “about X / related to X / from the field of X”.

Long formRelational adjective
un plan de energíaun plan energético
una reforma de la educaciónuna reforma educativa
una crisis de la economíauna crisis económica
un puerto para barcos comercialesun puerto comercial

Key rule 1: Position – they go after the noun

Relational adjectives normally go after the noun:

  • Correct: revista mensual, ataque terrorista, empresa naval, plan energético.
  • Incorrect: mensual revista, terrorista ataque, energético plan.

If you add a descriptive adjective (pretty, big, interesting, etc.), the usual safe order is:

  1. Noun
  2. Relational adjective (type, field)
  3. Descriptive adjective (quality)
SpanishLiteral idea
un fracaso económico importante an important economic failure
un plan energético ambicioso an ambitious energy plan
una reforma educativa polémica a controversial educational reform

Self-check: If the adjective answers “what field / area?” → put it right after the noun, before adjectives like importante, grande, interesante…

Key rule 2: No muy, más, menos with relational adjectives

Relational adjectives do not express degree. They are “yes/no”: either the noun is of that type, or it is not.

  • Correct: revista mensual
  • Incorrect: revista muy mensual

More examples:

  • Correct: ataque terrorista
  • Incorrect: ataque muy terrorista
  • Correct: calefacción central
  • Incorrect: calefacción muy central

If you want to intensify, modify a descriptive adjective instead:

  • una crisis económica muy grave
  • un plan energético bastante ambicioso
  • una reforma educativa muy polémica

Self-check: Can you say “very + X” in English? If yes, it is probably a descriptive adjective in Spanish, not a relational one. With relational adjectives, think “of X / related to X”, not “very X”.

Relational vs. descriptive: how to tell the difference

For B2, the most useful distinction is:

Relational adjectives Descriptive adjectives
Classify: field, type, origin. Describe qualities.
económico, energético, educativo, empresarial, central, mensual, naval, terrorista… bonito, grande, interesante, grave, ambicioso, polémico, eficiente…
No muy/más/menos. Yes, can use muy/más/menos.
Normally go right after the noun. Often go after, but can also go before for emphasis or style.

Compare:

  • un informe técnico → technical report (field/type)
  • un informe muy completo → very complete report (quality)
  • una empresa energética → energy company (sector)
  • una empresa muy eficiente → very efficient company (quality)

Self-check questions:

  • Does the adjective answer “¿de qué tipo?” → relational.
  • Does it answer “¿cómo es?” → descriptive.

Common pairs: long expression → relational adjective

At B2, you see many of these in news, reports, and professional contexts. Train your eye to transform them.

Longer formWith relational adjective
crisis de la economía crisis económica
plan de la energía plan energético
reforma de la educación reforma educativa
derecho de la empresa derecho empresarial
gestión de la empresa gestión empresarial
servicio de la universidad servicio universitario / académico

Self-check mini-task: For each of these, mentally form a relational adjective:

  • política de la salud → …
  • programa de cultura → …
  • instituciones de Europa → …

Possible answers: política sanitaria, programa cultural, instituciones europeas.

Typical errors for English speakers (and how to avoid them)

  • Copying English word order
    • English: an important economic failure
    • Spanish: un fracaso económico importante (noun + relational + descriptive)
  • Using “de + noun” instead of a relational adjective
    • un plan de la energía ambiciosoun plan energético ambicioso
    • una reforma de la educación polémicauna reforma educativa polémica
  • Adding degree words to relational adjectives
    • un puerto muy comercial (if you mean “for commercial ships”)
    • Say: un puerto comercial muy grande (the size is very big, not the “commerciality”).

Quick checklist before you speak or write:

  1. Does the adjective classify the type/field? → Put it right after the noun, no muy/más/menos.
  2. Do you also add an opinion or quality? → Put the relational first, then the descriptive.
  3. Can you replace “de + noun” with one word? → Prefer the relational adjective.

Short step-by-step practice (self-check)

  1. Identify the field.

    Example: “plan de la energía” → field: energía.

  2. Form the relational adjective.

    energía → energético: plan energético.

  3. Add qualities after it (if needed).

    un plan energético bastante ambicioso.

  4. Check the three rules:

    • Relational after the noun? → ✔ plan energético
    • No muy/más/menos with the relational? → ✔
    • Any degree words only with descriptive adjectives? → ✔ bastante ambicioso

If you can do this transformation in your head, you are using relational adjectives in a natural, B2 way.

  1. These adjectives go after the noun.
  2. They cannot be used with muy, más, menos.
CorrectIncorrect
Recibimos la revista mensual en la oficina. (We receive the monthly magazine at the office.)Recibimos la revista muy mensual en la oficina. (We receive the very monthly magazine at the office.)
Informaron sobre un ataque terrorista. (They reported on a terrorist attack.)Informaron sobre un ataque muy terrorista. (They reported on a very terrorist attack.)
La empresa trabaja en construcción naval. (The company works in naval construction.)La empresa trabaja en naval construcción. (The company works in naval construction.)
Fue un fracaso económico importante. (It was an important economic failure.)Fue un económico fracaso importante. (It was an economic important failure.)

Exceptions!

  1. These adjectives classify; they do not describe qualities (bonito, grande, interesante...).

Exercise 1: Multiple choice

Instruction: Choose the correct answer

1. Para la licencia de obras necesitamos un informe técnico y otro ___ para la certificación de la vivienda.

For the building permit we need a technical report and an ___ for the home certification.)

2. Preferimos instalar calefacción ___ porque resulta más eficiente en este tipo de edificio residencial.

We prefer to install ___ heating because it is more efficient in this type of residential building.)

3. Para lograr un ambiente cálido recomiendo una iluminación ___ y una decoración minimalista.

To achieve a warm atmosphere I recommend ___ lighting and minimalist décor.)

4. La empresa está especializada en la reforma ___ de viviendas antiguas en el casco histórico.

The company specializes in ___ renovations of old homes in the historic quarter.)

Exercise 2: Rewrite the phrases

Instruction: Rewrite the sentences correcting the use of relational adjectives: place them after the noun, do not use very/more/less with them and replace noun phrases like “de la economía” with the appropriate relational adjective (e.g. de la economía → económico).

Show/Hide translation Show/Hide hints
  1. Hint Hint (económica) Fue una crisis de la economía muy grave para el país.
    ⇒ _______________________________________________ Example
    Fue una crisis económica muy grave para el país.
    (It was a very serious economic crisis for the country.)
  2. Hint Hint (comercial) La compañía tiene una estrategia de marketing muy agresiva.
    ⇒ _______________________________________________ Example
    La compañía tiene una estrategia comercial muy agresiva.
    (The company has a very aggressive commercial strategy.)
  3. Hint Hint (comercial) Están construyendo un puerto para barcos comerciales muy grande en la costa.
    ⇒ _______________________________________________ Example
    Están construyendo un puerto comercial muy grande en la costa.
    (They are building a very large commercial port on the coast.)
  4. Hint Hint (energético) Hemos aprobado un plan de la energía bastante ambicioso para la ciudad.
    ⇒ _______________________________________________ Example
    Hemos aprobado un plan energético bastante ambicioso para la ciudad.
    (We have approved a fairly ambitious energy plan for the city.)

Exercise 3: Grammar in action

Instruction: In pairs, negotiate and defend yourselves over the complete renovation of the house.

Show/Hide translation
Situation
Vas a una cita con un arquitecto para reformar tu vivienda en propiedad.
(You have an appointment with an architect to renovate your privately owned home.)

Discuss
  • ¿Qué reforma estructural propones para mejorar la distribución y la iluminación natural? (What structural changes would you propose to improve the layout and natural light?)
  • ¿Qué soluciones de aislamiento térmico y acústico solicitarías al arquitecto y por qué? (What thermal and acoustic insulation solutions would you ask the architect for, and why?)

Useful words and phrases
  • hacer una reforma integral (undertake a complete renovation)
  • instalación eléctrica y fontanería del ático (electrical wiring and plumbing of the attic)
  • material de construcción ecológico y aislamiento térmico (eco-friendly building materials and thermal insulation)

Use in conversation
  • reforma mensual / servicio académico (monthly renovation / academic service)

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This content has been designed and reviewed by the coLanguage pedagogical team: About coLanguage

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Alessia Amoroso

Master of Languages, Cultures, Communication

Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia

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Last Updated:

Wednesday, 04/03/2026 05:37