Relative clauses with der, die, das

Relativsätze mit der, die, das


Relativsätze verbinden zwei Sätze mit der, die, das, z.B. „Der Polizist, der hilft" oder „Der Ausweis, den ich habe".

(Relative clauses connect two sentences with der, die, das, e.g. „Der Polizist, der hilft" or „Der Ausweis, den ich habe".)

What a relative clause does (and why German changes the pronoun)

A relative clause gives extra information about a noun.

  • Main idea: In German, the relative pronoun is chosen by gender (der/die/das) and by its role inside the relative clause (subject = nominative, object = accusative).
  • English often uses one word (“who/that/which”). German is more specific.

Step 1: Find the noun you describe (gender decides the base form)

  • der Mann → relative pronoun starts from der
  • die Frau → relative pronoun starts from die
  • das Auto/Buch/Formular → relative pronoun starts from das

Tip: The gender comes from the noun, not from the person’s biological sex (e.g., der Zeuge is masculine as a word).

Step 2: Decide the case inside the relative clause (subject or object?)

Question inside the relative clause Role Case
Who/what does the verb? Subject Nominative
Who/what is affected by the verb? Direct object Accusative
  • Nominative (subject): “the man who jogs” → der joggt
  • Accusative (object): “the man whom I see” → ich sehe den

The key A2 pattern: only masculine changes in nominative vs. accusative

Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative der die das
Accusative den (changes!) die (same) das (same)

Practical takeaway: If the noun is masculine, you must actively choose between der (subject) and den (object). For feminine/neuter, the form stays the same in these two cases.

Quick self-check: “I” is already a subject—so what is the relative pronoun?

  • If the relative clause already has a clear subject like ich, du, wir… then the relative pronoun is often the object → likely accusative.
Example What is the subject in the relative clause? Pronoun needed
Das ist der Kollege, ___ ich jeden Tag sehe. ich den (object)
Das ist der Kollege, ___ jeden Tag joggt. der Kollege (via the pronoun) der (subject)

Word order: where do commas and verbs go?

  • Use a comma before the relative clause: Der Mann, …
  • The relative clause starts with the pronoun: …, der/die/das/den …
  • The verb goes to the end of the relative clause: …, den ich morgen kaufe.

Common mistakes (and how to correct them)

  • Mixing up subject vs. object

    Das ist der Mann, den im Park joggt.

    Correct: Das ist der Mann, der im Park joggt. (the man = subject of joggt)

  • Forgetting “den” with masculine objects

    Ich suche den Pass, der ich verloren habe.

    Correct: Ich suche den Pass, den ich verloren habe. (I = subject, “pass” = object)

  • Using the wrong gender

    Das Handy, den ich im Hotel gelassen habe, ist weg.

    Correct: Das Handy, das ich im Hotel gelassen habe, ist weg. (Handy = neuter)

Mini checklist before you choose der/die/das/den

  1. Which noun am I describing? (der/die/das)
  2. Inside the relative clause: Does the pronoun do the action (subject) or receive it (object)?
  3. If masculine: subject → der, object → den.
  4. Put the verb at the end of the relative clause.
  1. Nominative: the relative pronoun is the subject, e.g. „Der Nachbar, der hilft".
  2. Accusative: the relative pronoun is the object, e.g. „Der Hund, den ich habe".
Kasus (Case)Maskulin (Masculine)Feminin (Feminine)Neutrum (Neuter)
Nominativ (Nominative)Der Mann, der im Park joggt. (The man who jogs in the park.)Die Frau, die hier arbeitet. (The woman who works here.)Das Auto, das schnell fährt. (The car that drives fast.)
Akkusativ (Accusative)Der Ball, den ich kaufe. (The ball that I buy.)Die Frau, die ich sehe. (The woman whom I see.)Das Buch, das ich lese. (The book that I read.)

Exceptions!

  1. The feminine and neuter forms stay the same in the nominative and accusative. Only the masculine relative pronoun changes!

Exercise 1: Multiple choice

Instruction: Choose the correct answer

1. Ist das der Ausweis, ____ Sie gestern im Bus verloren haben?

Is this the ID that ____ you lost on the bus yesterday?

2. Der Geldbeutel, ____ wir gefunden haben, liegt im Fundbüro.

The wallet that ____ we found is in the Lost and Found office.

3. Das ist der Mann, ____ meinen Pass gestohlen hat.

That is the man who ____ stole my passport.

4. Wir suchen den Zeugen, ____ Sie gestern am Bahnhof gesehen haben.

We are looking for the witness that ____ you saw at the train station yesterday.

Exercise 2: Multiple Choice

Instruction: Choose the correct variant with a relative clause (der/die/das).

1.
Here the relative pronoun is in the nominative (“der”), but the object is accusative; the correct form is “den”.
“Pass” is masculine; in the accusative the relative pronoun is “den”.
2.
“Handy” is neuter; the relative pronoun must be “das”, not “der”.
“Handy” is neuter; “den” is masculine accusative and does not fit here.

Exercise 3: Rewrite the phrases

Instruction: Combine the two sentences into one sentence with a relative clause (who/which/that; in the accusative for masculine: whom). Example: That is the man. I know the man. → That is the man whom I know.

Show/Hide translation Show/Hide hints
  1. Hint Hint (den) Das ist der Kollege. Ich sehe den Kollegen jeden Tag im Büro.
    ⇒ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    Das ist der Kollege, den ich jeden Tag im Büro sehe.
    (This is the colleague that I see every day at the office.)
  2. Hier ist die Kollegin. Sie arbeitet in der IT-Abteilung.
    ⇒ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    Hier ist die Kollegin, die in der IT‑Abteilung arbeitet.
    (Here is the (female) colleague who works in the IT department.)
  3. Ich suche das Formular. Das Formular liegt auf dem Tisch.
    ⇒ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    Ich suche das Formular, das auf dem Tisch liegt.
    (I’m looking for the form that’s on the table.)
  4. Hint Hint (der) Das ist der Arzt. Der Arzt hilft mir bei Rückenschmerzen.
    ⇒ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    Das ist der Arzt, der mir bei Rückenschmerzen hilft.
    (This is the doctor who helps me with back pain.)

Exercise 4: Grammar in action

Instruction: Role play: Report the theft and explain what you need.

Show/Hide translation
Situation
Im Urlaub sind Ausweis und Geldbeutel weg; du suchst Hilfe bei der Polizei.
(On vacation, your ID and wallet are gone; you’re looking for help from the police.)

Discuss
  • Was ist passiert und wo hast du deine Sachen zuletzt gesehen? (What happened and where did you last see your things?)
  • Welche Dokumente oder Dinge sind weg und welche hast du noch? Welche brauchst du dringend? (Botschaft, Fundbüro) (Which documents or items are missing and which do you still have? Which ones do you urgently need? (embassy, lost and found))

Useful words and phrases
  • Ich brauche die Botschaft, die mir einen neuen Ausweis ausstellt. (I need the embassy that will issue me a new ID.)
  • Das ist der Ausweis, den ich verloren habe. (This is the ID that I lost.)
  • Das ist der Geldbeutel, den jemand im Bus gefunden hat. (This is the wallet that someone found on the bus.)

Use in conversation
  • der/die/das + Relativsatz im Nominativ (Person oder Sache beschreibt) (der/die/das + relative clause in the nominative (describes a person or thing))
  • den + Relativsatz im Akkusativ (Person oder Sache als Objekt beschreibt) (den + relative clause in the accusative (describes a person or thing as the object))

Written by

This content has been designed and reviewed by the coLanguage pedagogical team: About coLanguage

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Louis Fernando Hess

Bachelor of Science - Intercultural Business Psychology

Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences

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Germany


Last Updated:

Thursday, 16/04/2026 15:53