The adverb: er

Het bijwoord: er


Het bijwoord er wordt op verschillende manieren gebruikt: voor onbepaalde onderwerpen, voorzetsels, telwoorden en locaties.

(The adverb er is used in different ways: for indefinite subjects, prepositions, numerals, and locations.)

What er does (one small word, many jobs)

Er is a Dutch “helper word”. It often avoids repeating a noun, or it fills the subject position.

  • Think of er as: “there / of it / about it / from it / on it / in it / some”.
  • Key benefit: Dutch uses er where English often repeats the noun or uses “it/them”.

1) Er as a placeholder: “there / in that place”

  • Use er when the place is already known.
  • Often after a verb like werken, wonen, zijn.
MeaningDutchNatural English
thereZie je die apotheek? Ik heb er gewerkt.…I worked there.
thereIk ben er al eens geweest.I’ve been there before.

Self-check: Can you replace the place with “there” in English? Then er is likely.

2) Er as the (temporary) subject: “there is / there are”

  • Dutch often starts with er when the subject is indefinite (a/an, some, many, no…).
  • Structure: er + verb + noun
PatternExample
Er zijn + pluralEr zijn veel medicijnen op de markt.
Er is + singularEr is een alternatief beschikbaar.
Er zijn geen + pluralEr zijn vandaag geen antibiotica meer op voorraad.

Watch out: If the subject is definite, Dutch often does not need er.
Er De antibiotica zijn op.

3) Er for “about it / of it / from it” (er + preposition)

In Dutch, “preposition + it/them” often becomes er + preposition.

  • erover = about it
  • ervan = of it / from it
  • erin = in it
  • erop = on it (also: “count on it” depending on the verb)
English ideaDutch
I’m waiting for it.Ik wacht erop.
I know little about it.Ik weet er weinig over.
I talked about it.Ik heb erover gepraat.
I suffered from it.Ik heb er veel last van gehad.

Spelling rule (important): if er is directly before the preposition, you write it together:
er + op = erop, er + over = erover, er + in = erin.

4) Er with numbers: “(of them) two/three…”

When you mention a quantity and the noun is already known, Dutch uses:

er + number

QuestionAnswerMeaning
Hoeveel tabletten neem je?Ik neem er drie.I take three (of them).
Hoeveel afspraken heb je?Ik heb er twee deze week.I have two (of them) this week.
  • Position tip: er comes before the number: er twee, er drie.
  • If you still mention the noun: Ik neem er twee van die vitamines.

5) Er in the passive: “there is/are … being …”

Dutch often uses er to start a passive sentence when the actor is not important.

er + wordt/werden + past participle

DutchNatural English
Er wordt met medicijnen behandeld.They treat it with medication / Treatment is done with medication.
Er worden recepten klaargemaakt.Prescriptions are being prepared.

Common pitfalls (quick fixes)

  1. Don’t translate “it” automatically as er.
    “it” = often het (as a real subject/object), but “about it/of it/there” = er.

    Dit vaccin is nieuw. Het wordt goed gecontroleerd. (the vaccine itself)

    Dit vaccin kan bijwerkingen geven. Er wordt goed op gecontroleerd. (on that: on side effects / on the situation)

  2. Preposition at the end? Use er + preposition.
    Ik wacht op het formulier → Ik wacht erop.

  3. Time/extra info placement: keep the fixed chunk together.
    Prefer: Ik heb na dat medicijn er veel last van.
    Not: Ik heb er veel last van na dat medicijn.

Final self-check: choose the right meaning in 10 seconds

  1. Is it “there is/are”? → start with er: Er zijn…

  2. Is it a known place? → er = “there”.

  3. Is it preposition + it/them (about it, on it, from it…)? → er + preposition: erover/erop/ervan

  4. Is it a number without repeating the noun? → er + number.

 Gebruik (Use)Voorbeeld (Example)
Er (Er)als plaatsvervanger (as a substitute)Zie je die apotheek? ik heb er gewerkt. (Do you see that pharmacy? I worked there.)
als een onbepaald onderwerp (as an indefinite subject)Of ik de apotheker ken? Ja, ik heb er mee op school gezeten. (Whether I know the pharmacist? Yes, I went to school with him/her.)
als voorlopig onderwerp (as a provisional subject)Er zijn veel medicijnen op de markt. (There are many medicines on the market.)
voor locatie of ervaring (for location or experience)Heb je al eens een vaccin laten zetten? Ja, ik heb er veel last van gehad. (Have you ever had a vaccine administered? Yes, I had a lot of trouble/pain from it.)
+ voorzetsel (+ preposition)Waar is het doktersvoorschrift? Ik zit erop. (Where is the doctor’s prescription? I’m sitting on it.)
voor telwoorden  (for numerals)Hoeveel vitaminen neem jij? Ik neem er twee. (How many vitamins do you take? I take two.)
+ worden (+ worden (passive))Er wordt met medicijnen behandeld. (People are treated with medicines.)

Exceptions!

  1. If er comes right before the preposition, you write er attached to the preposition (for example erop, erover, erin, erbij, etc.).

Exercise 1: Multiple choice

Instruction: Choose the correct answer

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1. ____ zijn vandaag geen antibiotica meer op voorraad.

____ are no more antibiotics in stock today.

2. Hoeveel tabletten moet ik per dag innemen? Ik neem ____ drie.

How many tablets do I need to take per day? I take ____ three.

3. Waar is het doktersvoorschrift? Ik heb ____ net naar gekeken.

Where is the doctor's prescription? I just looked at ____.

4. Dit vaccin kan bijwerkingen geven, maar ____ wordt goed op gecontroleerd.

This vaccine can cause side effects, but ____ is monitored closely.

Exercise 2: Rewrite the phrases

Instruction: Rewrite the sentence using er (or er + preposition) so that you avoid repetition. Example: Ik werk bij die apotheek. Ik werk er.

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Show/Hide translation Show/Hide hints
  1. Ik heb veel last van die bijwerking gehad.
    ⇒ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    Ik heb er veel last van gehad.
    (I had a lot of trouble with it.)
  2. Ik heb drie afspraken bij de tandarts deze maand.
    ⇒ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    Ik heb er deze maand drie.
    (I have three this month.)
  3. In de wachtruimte staan veel mensen.
    ⇒ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    Er staan veel mensen in de wachtruimte.
    (There are many people in the waiting room.)
  4. Waar is het formulier? Ik wacht op het formulier.
    ⇒ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    Waar is het formulier? Ik wacht erop.
    (Where is the form? I am waiting for it.)

Exercise 3: Multiple Choice

Instruction: Choose, for each block, the sentence with correct use of er.

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1.
Put 'er' before the numeral: the correct order is; 'I already take two of those vitamins' sounds awkward; better: 'I take two of them.'
2.
The fixed combination is 'suffer from'; 'after that medicine' is in the wrong place. Better: 'After that medicine, I suffer a lot from it' is also unnatural.

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Yoni De Ketelaere

Bachelor in International Business Management

HOGENT

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Belgium


Last Updated:

Saturday, 06/06/2026 05:18