De voltooid verleden tijd (plusquamperfectum) beschrijft een actie of situatie die vóór een andere actie of situatie in het verleden gebeurde.
(The past perfect (pluperfect) describes an action or situation that happened before another action or situation in the past.)
- Form: past tense of the auxiliary verb had/was + past participle.
- The past in the past: If you describe two actions in the past, and one action happened earlier than the other, you use the past perfect for the action that happened furthest back in time, and the simple past for the other.
| Persoon (Person) | Studeren (To study) | Toelaten (To admit) |
|---|---|---|
| ik | had gestudeerd (had studied) | was toegelaten tot (had been admitted to) |
| jij | had gestudeerd (had studied) | was toegelaten tot (had been admitted to) |
| hij/zij/het | had gestudeerd (had studied) | was toegelaten tot (had been admitted to) |
| wij | hadden gestudeerd (had studied) | waren toegelaten tot (had been admitted to) |
| jullie | hadden gestudeerd (had studied) | waren toegelaten tot (had been admitted to) |
| zij | hadden gestudeerd (had studied) | waren toegelaten tot (had been admitted to) |
Exceptions!
- An unreal past (not reality): The past perfect can also be combined with modal verbs such as must, can, want and may to describe an action that did not happen in the past or that one regrets.
Exercise 1: Multiple choice
Instruction: Choose the correct answer
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1. Toen ik het inschrijvingsformulier ____, bracht ik het naar het secretariaat.
When I ____ the registration form, I brought it to the secretariat.2. Ik __ tot de opleiding, maar ik twijfelde nog tussen twee studierichtingen.
I __ to the program, but I was still hesitating between two fields of study.3. Wij ____ al extra geoefend voordat we het toelatingsgesprek op de campus hadden.
We ____ already practiced extra before we had the admission interview on campus.4. Ik ____ eerder moeten aanmelden voor de studiebeurs, want nu is de deadline voorbij.
I ____ should have applied earlier for the scholarship, because now the deadline has passed.Exercise 2: Rewrite the phrases
Instruction: Rewrite each sentence: put the first-mentioned action in the past perfect (had/was + past participle) and leave the second action in the simple past. (Example: I do my homework. Afterwards I go to bed. → I had done my homework before I went to bed.)
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Show/Hide translation Show/Hide hints-
⇒ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ExampleIk had hard gestudeerd voordat ik tot de opleiding werd toegelaten.(I had studied hard before I was admitted to the program.)
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⇒ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ExampleJij had de opdracht gemaakt toen je je docent belde.(You had done the assignment when you called your teacher.)
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Hint Hint (voordat) Zij leverde alle documenten in. Daarna kreeg ze een uitnodiging voor het gesprek.⇒ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ExampleZij had alle documenten ingeleverd voordat ze een uitnodiging voor het gesprek kreeg.(She had handed in all the documents before she received an invitation for the interview.)
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⇒ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ExampleWij hadden een extra cursus Nederlands gevolgd voordat we aan de opleiding begonnen.(We had taken an extra Dutch course before we started the program.)
Exercise 3: Multiple Choice
Instruction: Choose the correct sentence in the past perfect tense.
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