The present participle

Le participe présent


Le participe présent permet d'exprimer une action en cours ou une cause.

(The present participle makes it possible to express an action in progress or a cause.)

What the participe présent does (and why you use it)

The participe présent (ending in -ant) is a compact way to add information about the same subject:

  • Cause: it explains why something happens (often instead of comme / parce que).
  • “Who/that” information: it describes a noun (instead of a relative clause with qui).

Result: the sentence sounds lighter and more “written / formal”.

How to form it quickly (reliable method)

  • Take the nous form in the present.
  • Remove -ons.
  • Add -ant.
Verb Nous Participe présent
finir nous finissons finissant
éviter nous évitons évitant
se faire (vacciner) nous nous faisons (vacciner) se faisant (vacciner)

Cause: replacing comme / parce que

Meaning:Because / since …, …”

  • Cause part first, then the main clause.
  • The subject must be the same in both parts.
Longer With participe présent
Comme son genou est blessé, il ne peut pas courir. Son genou étant blessé, il ne peut pas courir.
Parce qu’il se fait vacciner, l’enfant se protège. Se faisant vacciner, l’enfant se protège.

Self-check (cause): Can you replace it with “because” in English without changing the meaning? If yes, it’s likely a cause-participle.

Replacing qui: making descriptions shorter

Use: describe a noun with an action in progress / a typical action.

With qui Shorter version
Le patient qui évite le stress protège mieux sa santé. Le patient évitant le stress protège mieux sa santé.
La pédiatre qui s’occupe de mon fils est gentille. La pédiatre s’occupant de mon fils est gentille.

Self-check (qui): Can you expand it back to “qui + verb”? If yes, your participle probably fits.

3 common pitfalls (what to pay attention to)

  1. Same subject rule (very important)

    • Correct: Travaillant tard, je ne peux pas venir. (I = the one working)
    • Wrong: Travaillant tard, le cours a été annulé. (The class is not “working late”.)
  2. No agreement: it is invariable

    • Correct: Des collègues travaillant à distance…
    • Wrong: Des collègues travaillants…
  3. Don’t keep “qui”

    • Correct: Le kiné conseille des étirements renforçant les épaules.
    • Wrong: des étirements qui renforçant…

When to prefer a different structure

  • Spoken / simple style: prefer parce que / comme and a normal relative clause with qui.
  • To show a completed action before the main action: you often need ayant + past participle.
    • Ayant oublié son badge, il ne peut pas entrer.

Mini checklist before you use it

  1. Function: Is it “cause” or “who/that” information?
  2. Subject: Is the subject the same on both sides?
  3. Form: Take nous → remove -ons → add -ant.
  4. Style: Do you want a slightly more formal / written tone?
  1. Form: Stem of the 1st person plural (nous) + ending -ant Example: finissons → finissant.
  2. The present participle expresses the cause by replacing a subordinate clause (introduced for example by "comme/parce que" ) to explain the reason for an action.
  3. The present participle can replace a relative subordinate clause introduced by "qui" to make the sentence lighter.
 Exemple (Example)Exemple avec participe présent  (Example with the present participle )
Cause (Cause)Comme son genou est blessé, il ne peut pas courir (Since his knee is injured, he can’t run)Son genou étant blessé, il ne peut pas courir. (His knee being injured, he can’t run.)
Parce qu'il se fait vacciner, l'enfant se protège contre certaines maladies. (Because he is getting vaccinated, the child protects himself against certain diseases.)Se faisant vacciner, l’enfant se protège contre certaines maladies. (By getting vaccinated, the child protects himself against certain diseases.)
Remplaçant “qui” (Replacing “qui”)Le patient qui évite le stress protège mieux sa santé.  (The patient who avoids stress protects their health better. )Le patient évitant le stress protège mieux sa santé. (The patient avoiding stress protects their health better.)
Le pédiatre qui s'occupe de mon fils est gentille  (The pediatrician who takes care of my son is kind. )La pédiatre s'occupant de mon fils est gentille. (The pediatrician taking care of my son is kind.)

Exceptions!

  1. The present participle is invariable and does not agree with the subject.
  2. The present participle is mainly used in formal language.

Exercise 1: Multiple choice

Instruction: Choose the correct answer

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1. _____ une forte température, il est resté à la maison et a appelé son médecin.

_____ a high temperature, he stayed at home and called his doctor.

2. _____ vacciner chaque année, il réduit le risque de grippe.

_____ vaccinated every year, he reduces the risk of flu.

3. Les patients _____ le stress dorment souvent mieux et récupèrent plus vite.

Patients _____ stress often sleep better and recover faster.

4. Le sportif _____ mal au genou doit éviter de courir pendant quelques jours.

The athlete _____ knee pain must avoid running for a few days.

Exercise 2: Rewrite the phrases

Instruction: Rewrite each sentence using the present participle (the -ing form) to replace "comme / parce que" (cause) or "qui" (relative clause).

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  1. Comme je travaille tard ce soir, je ne peux pas venir au cours de sport.
    ⇒ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    Travaillant tard ce soir, je ne peux pas venir au cours de sport.
    (Working late tonight, I can't come to sports class.)
  2. Parce qu'il a oublié son badge, il ne peut pas entrer dans le bâtiment.
    ⇒ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    Ayant oublié son badge, il ne peut pas entrer dans le bâtiment.
    (Having forgotten his badge, he can't enter the building.)
  3. Comme le train a du retard, nous arriverons après la réunion.
    ⇒ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    Le train ayant du retard, nous arriverons après la réunion.
    (The train being delayed, we will arrive after the meeting.)
  4. L'infirmière qui vérifie la tension rassure les patients.
    ⇒ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    L'infirmière vérifiant la tension rassure les patients.
    (The nurse checking blood pressure reassures the patients.)

Exercise 3: Multiple Choice

Instruction: Choose the correct sentence with a present participle.

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1.
Incorrect: the present participle is invariable; you do not add an “s”. Moreover, “workings” cannot refer to “I”.
2.
Incorrect: you do not use “that” followed by a present participle. You need either “that strengthen” (a conjugated verb) or the present participle alone (“strengthening”).

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Oscar Figueiral Marques

Master

Université de Poitiers

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France


Last Updated:

Saturday, 30/05/2026 16:02