Sequence of tenses

La concordance des temps


La concordance des temps détermine l'harmonie entre la principale et la subordonnée dans une phrase

(The sequence of tenses determines the harmony between the main clause and the subordinate clause in a sentence.)

What “concordance des temps” means (in 10 seconds)

When you have a main clause + que (or similar), French often adjusts the tense in the subordinate clause to show the timing:

  • Simultanéité = same time
  • Antériorité = earlier (already happened)
  • Postériorité = later (will happen after)

Think of the verb in the main clause as your reference time. The subordinate clause is positioned relative to it.

Step-by-step: choose the tense in the subordinate clause

  1. Find the main verb (e.g., je pense / il a dit / il savait).
  2. Ask: the subordinate action is same time, before, or after the main verb?
  3. Pick the tense pair that matches that relation (not the calendar time).

Quick map (most useful pairs)

Main clause = your reference Same time (simultanéité) Before (antériorité) After (postériorité)
Present
je pense / je sais
Présent
Je pense qu’il travaille.
Passé composé
Je sais qu’il a terminé.
Futur
Je pense qu’il terminera.
Past
il a dit / il expliquait
Imparfait
Il disait qu’il travaillait.
Plus-que-parfait
Il a vu qu’il avait fini.
Conditionnel
Il a dit qu’il terminerait.

The rule learners miss most: no future after a past reporting verb

If the main clause verb is in the past (il a dit, il a expliqué, il pensait), French does not use the simple future in the subordinate clause.

  • Correct: Il a dit qu’il viendrait demain.
  • Wrong: Il a dit qu’il viendra demain.

Use conditionnel présent to express “future in the past”.

How to choose between imparfait and passé composé in the past

When the main clause is in the past, the subordinate is often:

  • Imparfait for a situation in progress / background / state
    Il savait que le protocole était complexe.
  • Plus-que-parfait for “already done” before that past moment
    Il a découvert que l’équipe avait déjà validé les résultats.

Practical test: can you add “already” in English? If yes, French often needs plus-que-parfait.

Typical professional contexts (model sentences)

  • Present → earlier: Je sais que le client a signé le contrat.
  • Present → later: Je pense que le comité validera la proposition.
  • Past → same time: Le directeur a expliqué que le budget était limité.
  • Past → earlier: Elle a compris que le fournisseur avait livré en avance.
  • Past → later: Ils ont annoncé que le produit sortirait en septembre.

Self-check: 3 questions before you answer

  1. Main verb is present or past?
  2. Subordinate action is same time, before, or after?
  3. If main verb is past and meaning is “later”: did you use conditionnel (not futur)?

What you should pay attention to while speaking

  • Start from meaning: timeline first, tense second.
  • With past reporting verbs: train the reflex “future → conditionnel”.
    Il a dit… → il ferait / il viendrait / il signerait
  • For “already done” before a past moment: reach for plus-que-parfait quickly.
  1. The subordinate clause can express an action happening at the same time as the main clause (= simultaneity), before the one in the main clause (= anteriority), or after the one in the main clause (= posteriority).
  2. If the main clause is in the present, the subordinate clause can be in the present, the future, or the passé composé, depending on the meaning; if the main clause is in the past, the subordinate clause often takes the imparfait or the plus-que-parfait.
  3. When the verb in the main clause is in the past, it is grammatically impossible to use the futur simple in the subordinate clause: to express posteriority in the past, the conditionnel présent is often used.
SimultanéitéAntérioritéPostériorité
Présent + PrésentPrésent + Passé composé Présent + Futur
Je pense que l’inventeur étudie les données. (I think that the inventor is studying the data.)Il sait qu'elle a fini son travail. (He knows that she has finished her work.)Je pense qu’il inventera une nouvelle machine bientôt. (I think that he will invent a new machine soon.)
Imparfait + ImparfaitPassé composé + Plus-que-parfait Imparfait + Conditionnel
Le chef savait que l’étude était longue (The manager knew that the study was long.)Le chercheur a vu que le liquide s’était évaporé hier. (The researcher saw that the liquid had evaporated yesterday.)Je pensais qu'il viendrait (I thought that he would come.)
Futur + FuturFutur + Futur antérieurPassé composé + Conditionnel
Je le ferai quand tu seras (I will do it when you are there.)Quand tu arriveras, j'aurai fini mon invention. (When you arrive, I will have finished my invention.)Elle a dit qu’elle finirait bientôt ce projet. (She said that she would finish this project soon.)

Exercise 1: Multiple choice

Instruction: Choose the correct answer

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1. Je pense que le biologiste ____ la matière en ce moment.

I think the biologist ____ the substance right now.

2. Elle sait que l’échantillon ____ stérilisé avant le protocole.

She knows that the sample ____ sterilized before the protocol.

3. Le chef a expliqué que le liquide ____ pendant la nuit.

The manager explained that the liquid ____ during the night.

4. Je pensais que l’inventeur ____ une nouvelle méthode sous la supervision du directeur.

I thought that the inventor ____ a new method under the director’s supervision.

Exercise 2: Rewrite the phrases

Instruction: Make the tenses consistent between the main clause and the subordinate clause: rewrite each sentence by putting the verb in the subordinate clause in the correct tense (simultaneity, anteriority or posteriority).

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  1. Je sais qu'il (terminer) le rapport hier.
    ⇒ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    Je sais qu'il a terminé le rapport hier.
    (I know that he finished the report yesterday.)
  2. Je pensais que tu (venir) à la réunion demain.
    ⇒ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    Je pensais que tu viendrais à la réunion demain.
    (I thought that you would come to the meeting tomorrow.)
  3. Il a compris que les clients (déjà partir) quand il est arrivé.
    ⇒ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    Il a compris que les clients étaient déjà partis quand il est arrivé.
    (He understood that the clients had already left when he arrived.)
  4. Quand tu (arriver), je (déjà finir) la présentation.
    ⇒ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    Quand tu arriveras, j'aurai déjà fini la présentation.
    (When you arrive, I will already have finished the presentation.)

Exercise 3: Multiple Choice

Instruction: Choose the correct sentence.

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1.
Incorrect: with a main clause in the past (“said”), the simple future is not used in the subordinate clause; the conditional is needed for posteriority.
2.
Incorrect: with a main clause in the past (“knew”), the subordinate clause must agree in the past (imperfect) if describing a state at the same moment in the past, not in the present.

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Oscar Figueiral Marques

Master

Université de Poitiers

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France


Last Updated:

Wednesday, 03/06/2026 09:16