Passive tenses: presens, imperfectum, perfectum, plusquamperfectum

Passieve tijden: presens, imperfectum, perfectum, plusquamperfectum


In passieve zinnen ondergaat het onderwerp de handeling, in plaats van deze uit te voeren.

(In passive sentences, the subject undergoes the action instead of performing it.)

When do you use the passive?

Passive is useful when the action matters more than the person doing it.

  • Formal / administrative style: emails, procedures, contracts, reports.
  • The “doer” is unknown or irrelevant: you don’t know who did it, or it’s not important.
  • Focus on the result or process: what happens to the document / request / form.

Tip: If you naturally start your English sentence with “The form…” instead of “We…”, Dutch often uses the passive too.

Build the passive: 2 parts

  1. Auxiliary verb (changes with the tense): worden or zijn
  2. Past participle (voltooid deelwoord): getekend, gecontroleerd, ingevuld

Core formula: worden/zijn + past participle

Two meanings: “process” (worden) vs “state/result” (zijn)

Meaning Typical Dutch What you mean
Process (happening) worden “is being / gets” done
State/result (completed) zijn “is / has been” done (already)
  • Het formulier wordt ingevuld. = the filling in is happening (process).
  • Het formulier is ingevuld. = it’s already filled in (result).

Common mistake: using is when you mean “right now”. If it is happening now, you usually need wordt/worden.

Choose the right tense (quick decision tool)

  • Now / routine: wordt/worden + participle
  • Past (single fact): werd/werden + participle
  • Completed (already done): is/zijn + participle
  • Already done before another past moment: was/waren + participle
Tense Signal words Example
Presens nu, vandaag, meestal De huwelijksakte wordt vandaag getekend.
Imperfectum gisteren, vorige week, in 2022 De huwelijksakte werd gisteren getekend.
Perfectum al, net, inmiddels De documenten zijn al gecontroleerd.
Plusquamperfectum al, voordat, toen De documenten waren al gecontroleerd voordat ik kwam.

Where does “door …” go (and when do you omit it)?

  • door + person/organisation = “by …” (the agent/doer).
  • You can omit it if it’s obvious, unknown, or unimportant.
With agent Without agent
De akte is door de notaris getekend. De akte is getekend.
Het formulier wordt door de gemeente ingevuld. Het formulier wordt ingevuld.

Word order: “door …” often comes after the participle, but both are common in practice. Keep it simple: put door … near the end.

Word order checklist (so your sentence doesn’t “sound English”)

  • Main clause: auxiliary is in position 2; participle goes to the end.
    • De scheiding werd goed geregeld.
  • Yes/no question: auxiliary first; participle still at the end.
    • Wanneer wordt de akte getekend?
  • Subclause (with dat/omdat/toen…): participle stays at the end; auxiliary goes near the end.
    • Ik weet dat de documenten al gecontroleerd zijn.

Self-check: is my passive correct?

  1. Do I want process (worden) or result (zijn)?
  2. Did I choose the correct tense for the auxiliary? (wordt/werd/is/was)
  3. Is the past participle at the end of the clause?
  4. If I add the agent: did I use door (door de notaris / door de gemeente)?

Mini contrast to remember:

  • Het formulier is nu ingevuld. (sounds like it’s already finished)
  • Het formulier wordt nu ingevuld. (happening now)
  1. Form: auxiliary verb (worden/zijn) + past participle.
Tijd (Tense)Formule (Formula)Voorbeeld (Example)
Presens (Present)word/wordt/worden + participium (am/is/are + past participle)Wanneer wordt de akte getekend? (When is the deed signed?)
Imperfectum (Past simple)werd/werden + participium (was/were + past participle)De scheiding werd geregeld. (The divorce was arranged.)
Perfectum (Present perfect)is/zijn + participium (has/have been + past participle)De huwelijksakte is door de notaris getekend. (The marriage certificate has been signed by the notary.)
Plusquamperfectum (Past perfect)was/waren + participium (had been + past participle)De documenten waren al door de gemeente gecontroleerd. (The documents had already been checked by the municipality.)

Exceptions!

  1. The person performing the action can be omitted (door...).

Exercise 1: Multiple choice

Instruction: Choose the correct answer

Fetching your corrections... Please don't close this page yet.

1. Uw adreswijziging ____ vandaag in het systeem geregistreerd.

Your address change ____ will be registered in the system today.

2. De huwelijksakte ____ gisteren door de notaris getekend.

The marriage certificate ____ was signed yesterday by the notary.

3. Alle documenten ____ al door de gemeente gecontroleerd.

All documents ____ have already been checked by the municipality.

4. Toen ik bij de notaris aankwam, ____ de formulieren al ingevuld.

When I arrived at the notary, ____ the forms had already been filled in.

Exercise 2: Rewrite the phrases

Instruction: Rewrite the active sentences into passive sentences in the same tense; add "by …" where possible (example: De medewerker controleert de aanvraag. → De aanvraag wordt door de medewerker gecontroleerd.).

Fetching your corrections... Please don't close this page yet.

Show/Hide translation Show/Hide hints
  1. De notaris tekent de huwelijksakte vandaag.
    ⇒ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    De huwelijksakte wordt vandaag door de notaris getekend.
    (The marriage certificate is signed today by the notary.)
  2. De gemeente controleerde de documenten vorige week.
    ⇒ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    De documenten werden vorige week door de gemeente gecontroleerd.
    (The documents were checked last week by the municipality.)
  3. De mediator heeft het gesprek goed voorbereid.
    ⇒ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    Het gesprek is door de mediator goed voorbereid.
    (The conversation has been well prepared by the mediator.)
  4. De advocaat had de brief al verstuurd voordat de afspraak begon.
    ⇒ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    De brief was al door de advocaat verstuurd voordat de afspraak begon.
    (The letter had already been sent by the lawyer before the appointment began.)

Exercise 3: Multiple Choice

Instruction: Choose the correct passive sentence per block.

Fetching your corrections... Please don't close this page yet.

1.
Incorrect: this is the perfect passive (is ingevuld) and means that the form has already been filled in, not that it is happening now.
2.
Incorrect: this is the imperfect passive (werd getekend) and indicates a single past fact, not an earlier completed past like the past perfect.

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Yoni De Ketelaere

Bachelor in International Business Management

HOGENT

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Belgium


Last Updated:

Wednesday, 24/06/2026 09:09