Indirect speech: past tense

Indirecte rede: verleden tijd


In de indirecte rede staat de bijzin meestal in de verleden tijd als het werkwoord in de hoofdzin in de verleden tijd staat.

(In indirect speech, the subordinate clause is usually in the past tense if the verb in the main clause is in the past tense.)

Indirect speech (indirecte rede): what changes and why

You use indirecte rede to report what someone said/asked, without quoting them word-for-word.

  • Direct: “De overstroming veroorzaakte veel schade.”
  • Indirect: Hij zei dat de overstroming veel schade had veroorzaakt.

In indirect speech you mainly pay attention to:

  • the linking word (dat/waarom/hoe/of)
  • the tense shift (time moves one step back)
  • word order in the subordinate clause (verb(s) at the end)

Step-by-step: build an indirect-speech sentence

  1. Start with a reporting verb: zei, vroeg, vertelde, legde uit, meldde
  2. Choose the correct linking word (see next section).
  3. Make a subordinate clause: put the verb(s) at the end.
  4. Shift the tense (present → past, past → past perfect, zal → zou).

Choosing the linking word: dat / wh-word / of

Direct speech type Linking word in indirect speech Example (indirect)
Statement dat (that) Hij zei dat het beleid veranderd was.
WH-question waarom/hoe/wat/waar/wanneer Ze vroeg waarom de aanvraag was afgewezen.
Yes/no question of (whether/if) De arts vroeg of ik het advies had opgevolgd.

Quick check: If you can answer with yes/no, choose of. If the direct question starts with why/how/what/where/when, keep that word.

Tense shift: “one step back” in reported speech

If the reporting verb is in the past (zei, vroeg), Dutch typically shifts the tense back:

In direct speech In indirect speech Example
Present (ik werk / hij gaat) Past (ik werkte / hij ging) Hij zei dat hij morgen ging.
Past (ik werkte / het gebeurde) Past perfect (ik had gewerkt / het was gebeurd) Ze zei dat het was gebeurd.
zal / gaan + infinitive zou / zou gaan Hij zei dat hij het zou regelen.

Typical trap: after zei/vroeg, don’t leave the second clause in the present.

  • Hij zei dat de wet morgen ingaat.
  • Hij zei dat de wet morgen inging.

Word order: verbs go to the end of the clause

In the part after dat/waarom/hoe/of, you are in a subordinate clause.

  • … dat de overstroming veel schade had veroorzaakt.
  • … waarom ze zich voor het milieu had ingezet.

If there are two verbs (auxiliary + participle/infinitive), both go to the end:

  • Hij zei dat hij het rapport zou inleveren.
  • Ze vroeg of hij de documenten had getekend.

Conditional sentences: als …, (dan) … in indirect speech

When you report a conditional, both parts usually shift back.

Direct Indirect
Als je je inzet, kan het helpen. Ze zei dat als je je inzette, het zou kunnen helpen.

Pay attention: the reporting part often adds dat before the whole conditional sentence.

Time words often change too (practical, not optional)

In real conversations you usually adapt time expressions to the new situation:

Direct Indirect
morgen de volgende dag
gisteren de dag ervoor / de vorige dag
hier daar
nu toen

Self-check: 5 quick questions before you submit an answer

  1. Did I choose the correct linking word: dat, a wh-word, or of?
  2. Is the second part a subordinate clause (verb(s) at the end)?
  3. Did I shift the tense back (present → past, past → past perfect, zal → zou)?
  4. If it’s a yes/no question: did I use of (not dat)?
  5. Do time words still make sense (morgen → de volgende dag, etc.)?
  1. In indirect speech, different linking words are used, such as dat, waarom, hoe, of.
  2. In indirect speech, the verb tense changes: a past tense in direct speech becomes the past perfect, a present tense becomes the past tense, and zal becomes zou.
Type zin (Type of sentence)Directe rede  (Direct speech )Indirecte rede  (Indirect speech )
normale zin (declarative sentence)De overstroming veroorzaakte veel schade. (The flood caused a lot of damage.)Hij zei dat de overstroming veel schade had veroorzaakt. (He said that the flood had caused a lot of damage.)
vragende zin (question)Waarom zette je je in voor het milieu? (Why did you commit yourself to the environment?)Hij vroeg waarom ze zich voor het milieu had ingezet. (He asked why she had committed herself to the environment.)
voorwaardelijke zin (conditional sentence)Als je je inzet, kan het helpen. (If you make an effort, it can help.)Ze zei dat als je je inzette, het zou kunnen helpen. (She said that if you made an effort, it would be able to help.)

Exercise 1: Multiple choice

Instruction: Choose the correct answer

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1. De wethouder zei dat de vervuiling in onze wijk de afgelopen jaren ____ toegenomen.

The alderman said that the pollution in our neighborhood ____ increased in recent years.

2. Mijn collega vroeg waarom de gemeente de vergunningen voor die fabriek ____ verlengd.

My colleague asked why the municipality ____ extended the permits for that factory.

3. De medewerker van de gemeente zei dat als we beter recycleerden, we minder restafval ____ hebben.

The municipality employee said that if we recycled better, we ____ have less residual waste.

4. De huisarts vroeg of ik me aan de adviezen over luchtkwaliteit ____ gehouden.

The GP asked whether I ____ followed the advice about air quality.

Exercise 2: Rewrite the phrases

Instruction: Change the sentences from direct speech to reported speech: start with the indicated verb (e.g. said/asked) and use the correct conjunction (that/why/how/or); adjust the tenses (present → past, past → past perfect, will → would).

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Show/Hide translation Show/Hide hints
  1. Hint Hint (Hij zei) "Ik lever het rapport morgen in."
    ⇒ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    Hij zei dat hij het rapport de volgende dag zou inleveren.
    (He said that he would hand in the report the next day.)
  2. Hint Hint (De teamleider vroeg) "Waarom heb je je ziek gemeld?"
    ⇒ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    De teamleider vroeg waarom ik me ziek had gemeld.
    (The team leader asked why I had called in sick.)
  3. Hint Hint (Ze zei) "De storing veroorzaakte gisteren veel problemen."
    ⇒ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    Ze zei dat de storing de dag ervoor veel problemen had veroorzaakt.
    (She said that the outage had caused many problems the day before.)
  4. Hint Hint (De collega zei) "Als je de handleiding leest, begrijp je het sneller."
    ⇒ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example
    De collega zei dat als ik de handleiding las, ik het sneller zou begrijpen.
    (The colleague said that if I read the manual, I would understand it faster.)

Exercise 3: Multiple Choice

Instruction: Choose the correct indirect speech in the past tense.

Fetching your corrections... Please don't close this page yet.

1.
Incorrect: with a main clause in the past tense, the subordinate clause must also shift to the past tense; 'takes effect' incorrectly remains in the present tense.
2.
Incorrect: for a yes/no question you use 'whether' in indirect speech; 'that' is incorrect here.

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This content has been designed and reviewed by the coLanguage pedagogical team: About coLanguage

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Yoni De Ketelaere

Bachelor in International Business Management

HOGENT

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Belgium


Last Updated:

Tuesday, 23/06/2026 22:34